- Bain (Aberdeen, Scotland) and Hill (Harvard) are seen as progenitors of the "current traditional" model of composition education
- In part a response to the needs of teaching writing (rather than speaking) to a large number of students in technical subjects
- The focus is on vernacular mechanical issues (grammar, spelling, punctuation, the paragraph, the topic sentence, etc.)
- Writing education is associated with modes (narration, description, exposition, argumentation)
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