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Richard Whately (1787–1863)

  • Aristotelian
    • The syllogism can be used to test the validity of propositions
    • Rhetoric as "offshoot" of Logic (Aristotle called them counterparts)
  • Science finds new material but it must be tested to become a generalized precept
  • Science and logic must be separate because discovery and reasoning are different things
  • Whately's project is to connect persuasion with psychological effects
    • Similar to Campbell's project
    • made distinctions among varieties of moral evidence
    • analyzed audience
      • audiences will have presumptions thus placing the burden of proof on the competing perspective
    • examined the effect of emotions
    • established a system of effective arguments

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